For decades, the mechanism of skeletal patterning along a proximal-distal axis has been an area of intense inquiry. Here we examine the development of the ribs, simple structures that in most terrestrial vertebrates consist of two skeletal elements— a proximal bone and a distal cartilage portion. While the ribs have been shown to arise from the somites, little is known about how the two segments are specified. During our examination of genetically modified mice, we discovered a series of progressively worsening phenotypes that could not be easily explained. Here, we combine genetic analysis of rib development with agent-based simulations to conclude that proximal-distal patterning and outgrowth could occur based on simple rules. In our model, specification occurs during somite stages due to varying Hedgehog protein levels, while later expansion refines the pattern. This framework is broadly applicable for understanding the mechanisms of skeletal patterning along a proximal-distal axis.
Double-layered two-directional somatopleural cell migration during
Frontiers Common Ribs of Inhibitory Synaptic Dysfunction in the Umbrella of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Laura B. Lewandowski, M.S., M.D., About NIAMS, laura b
CNPY4 inhibits the Hedgehog pathway by modulating membrane sterol
Biology, Free Full-Text
The Progress of CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing in Generating Mouse/Zebrafish Models of Human Skeletal Diseases - Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal
Osteogenesis Imperfecta - Endotext - NCBI Bookshelf
Double-layered two-directional somatopleural cell migration during
Shh establishes an Nkx3.2/Sox9 autoregulatory loop that is
TK News 109 by AO Foundation - Issuu
A minimally sufficient model for rib proximal-distal patterning
Agent-based modeling of morphogenetic systems: Advantages and
Double-layered two-directional somatopleural cell migration during
Periodic spatial patterning with a single morphogen - ScienceDirect
The Radiology Assistant : Cartilage tumors